实用计算机英语

Chapter1

Key Term	Definition
application software	End user software
cloud computing	Uses the Internet and the Web to shift many computer activities from a user’s computer to computers on the Internet.
communication device	Computer equipment that allows a computer to connect to other computer systems to share data and information.
紧凑型光盘compact disc (CD)	A type of optical disc that has the least storage capacity.
computer competency	Having computer related skills
connectivity	Allows computers to connect and share information with other computers.
data	Unprocessed facts.
database file	Typically created by database management programs to contain highly structured and organized data.
desktop computer	A type of microcomputer that is small enough to fit on top of or alongside a desk yet is too big to carry around.
device driver	Specialized programs designed to allow particular input or output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system.
digital versatile disc (DVD)	A type of optical device that gives great capacity and can be used to store many different types of data. (See also digital video disc)
digital video disc (DVD)	A type of optical device that gives great capacity and can be used to store many different types of data. (See also digital versatile disc)
document file	Data files created by word processors to save documents such as memos, term papers, and letters.
end user	The most important part of an information system. (See also people)
通用应用程序general purpose application	Application software that is used in nearly all careers.
flash memory card	A solid-state storage device widely used in notebook computers. Flash memory also is used in a variety of specialized input devices to capture and transfer data to desktop computers.
handheld computer	The smallest microcomputer that is designed to fit into the palm of one hand.
hard disk	A secondary storage device that uses magnetized dust to store the information.
hardware	The equipment that processes the data to create information.
information	Processed facts.
information system	Composed of five parts: people, procedures, software, hardware, and data.
information technology (IT)	Relating to computer software and hardware, and data.
input device	Translate data and programs that humans can understand into a form the computer can process.
Internet	The largest computer network in the world.
keyboard	A type of input device that allows the user to input character data into the computer.
mainframe computer	A type of computer that is capable of great processing speeds and data storage.
memory	Holds data and program instructions for processing the data. (See also primary storage, random access memory)
microcomputer	The least powerful type of computer, yet the most widely used and fastest-growing, type of computer.
microprocessor	Controls and manipulates data to produce information.
midrange computer	Also referred to as servers, most widely used to support end users for specific needs such as retrieving data from a database or supplying access to application software.
调制解调器modem	Modifies telephone communications into a form that can be processed by a computer.
monitor	A common output device that allows the user to see what the computer is doing.
mouse	A type of input device that allows the user to point and click on items for easier operation.
network	A communications system connecting two or more computers.
notebook computer	A type of microcomputer that is portable, lightweight, and fits into most briefcases.
operating system	Program that coordinates computer resources, provides an interface between users and the computer, and runs applications.
optical disc	A secondary storage device that uses laser technology and has the greatest capacity.
output device	Translates the processed information from the computer into a form that humans can understand.
people	The most important part of an information system. (See also end users)
个人数字助理personal digital assistant (PDA)	The most widely used handheld computer.
presentation file	Created by presentation graphics programs to save presentation materials.
printer	A computer output device that produces a hard copy of data.
procedures	The rules or guidelines for people to follow when using software, hardware, and data.
program	Consists of the step-by-step instructions that tell the computer how to do its work. (See also software)
随机存取存储器random access memory (RAM)	Holds data and program instructions for processing the data. (See also primary storage, memory)
secondary storage	Holds data and programs even after electrical power to the computer system has been turned off.
server	most widely used to support end users for specific needs such as retrieving data from a database or supplying access to application software.
smartphone	Mobile phone offering advanced capabilities beyond a typical mobile phone, often with PC-like functionality.
software	Consists of the step-by-step instructions that tell the computer how to do its work. (See also program)
solid-state drive (SSD)	A type of solid state, secondary storage device that has no moving parts. It is used much the same way as an internal hard disk.
solid-state storage	A secondary storage device that has no moving parts. Data is stored and retrieved electronically directly from these devices, much as they would be from conventional computer memory.
specialized application	Computer programs that are narrowly focused on specific disciplines and occupations. (See also special-purpose application)
supercomputer	The most powerful type of computer that is a special high-capacity computer used by very large organizations.
system software	Enables the application software to interact with the computer hardware and helps the computer manage its own internal resources.
system unit	A container that houses most of the electronic components that makes up a computer system.
tablet	A type of notebook computer that accepts handwriting and converts it to standard text that can be further processed.
USB drive	The size of a key chain, these hard drives connects to a computer’s USB port enabling a transfer of files
utility	A part of the system software that performs specific tasks related to managing computer resources.
virus	Malicious programs that can damage software, hardware, and compromise the security and privacy of your personal data.
Web	Provides a multimedia interface to the numerous resources available on the Internet.
wireless revolution	A revolution that is expected to dramatically affect the way we communicate and use computer technology.
worksheet file	Created by electronic spreadsheets to analyze things like budgets and to predict sales.

Chapter2

Key Term	Definition
address	The location or name of a Web site.
Advanced Research Project Agency Network(ARPANET)	Launched in 1969 when the United States funded a project that developed a national computer network.
AJAX	An advanced use of JavaScript that can be found on many interactive sites.
applets	Special programs on Web sites that provide animation, interactivity, and display graphics.
附件attachment	Files, such as documents and worksheets that can be sent along with an e-mail message.
拍卖行网站auction house site	Sell a wide range of merchandise directly to bidders.
BitTorrent	A type of file transfer that distributes files across many different computers for more efficient downloads.
blog	Web logs that contain time stamped postings.
browser	Software programs that provide a user interface to Web resources.
business-to-business (B2B)	Involves the sale of a product or service from one business to another over the Internet
business-to-consumer (B2C)	The sale of a product or service to the general public or end users over the Internet
电缆调制解调器cable	Modems that provide Internet high-speed access using unused bandwidth on a cable television network.
层叠样式表Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)	Files inserted into an HTML document that control the appearance of Web pages including layout, colors, and fonts.
Center for European Nuclear Research (CERN)	Introduced the World Wide Web in 1992 in Switzerland.
circles	A service offered through Google+, for grouping individuals according to interests or other criteria
client based e-mail account	Special program known as an e-mail client that needs to be installed and running in order to enable a computer to communicate with the e-mail service provider.
cloud computing	Uses the Internet and the Web to shift many computer activities from a user’s computer to computers on the Internet.
consumer-to-consumer (C2C)	Involves individuals selling to individuals over the Internet.
digital cash	Internet’s equivalent to traditional cash. Buyers purchase digital cash from a third party by transferring funds from their banks.
digital wallet	resides on a user’s smartphone and contains an individual’s mailing address, credit card as well as other information typically required to make an online purchase.
domain name	It is part of an URL that signifies the name of a Web server where the resource is located.
downloading	Copying a file from a server to a local computer.
数字用户线路DSL	Digital Subscriber Line, provides a digital connection over unused frequencies of standard telephone lines.
e-commerce	Buying and selling of goods over the Internet. (See also electronic commerce)
e-learning	Being able to take classes on almost any subject from educational institutions that offer courses online.
electronic commerce	Buying and selling of goods over the Internet. (See also e-commerce)
electronic mail	Electronic mail, the transmissions of electronic messages over the Internet. (See also e-mail)
e-mail	Electronic mail, the transmissions of electronic messages over the Internet. (See also electronic mail)
e-mail client	Special program required to communicate with the e-mail service provider in client-based e-mail accounts.
Facebook	Social networking site that provides an array of features and applications including instant messaging, photo and video sharing, games, and more.
Facebook groups	Share information that is typically organized around topics, events, ideas.
Facebook pages	Created by businesses to promote products and services.
Facebook profiles	Created by individuals who may include photos, lists of personal interest, contact information, and other personal information.
文件传输协议file transfer protocol (FTP)	An Internet standard for transferring files.
filter	Blocks access to selected Web sites.
friend	A person that you specify in a list to use instant messaging.
Google Plus	A combination of some of Google Inc.’s previously existing services with some new services, many of which are similar to Facebook’s
Google+	A combination of some of Google Inc.’s previously existing services with some new services, many of which are similar to Facebook’s
hangouts	A service offered through Google Plus, for communicating with up to 10 people at a time.
header	The first element of an e-mail message.
命中 hit	A list of sites that contain the keywords from a search.
hyperlink	Connect to other documents, which can be video files, text, graphics, audio files, etc.
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)	Text based programming language used to create Web pages.
instant messaging (IM)	An extension of e-mail that allows two or more people to contact each other via direct, live communication.
Internet	Launched in 1969 with ARPANET, the Internet (Net) consists of the actual physical network made up of wires, cables, and satellites.
互联网安全套件Internet security suite	A collection of utility programs designed to maintain security and privacy while on the Web.
互联网服务提供商Internet service provider (ISP)	Provides a path or connection for individuals to access the Internet.
Java	A programming language used to create applets.
JavaScript	A scripting language that adds basic interactivity to Web pages.
link	Nickname for a Hyperlink.
LinkedIn	Social networking site focusing on business professionals.
Location	The name of a Web site.
Message	The second element of an e-mail that consists of the body of the e-mail.
元搜索引擎metasearch engine	Programs that automatically submit your search request to several search engines simultaneously.
Microblog	A Web site that publishes short sentences that only take a few seconds to write. Twitter is a microblog.
mobile browser	A special browser designed to run on portable device.
MySpace	Social networking site focusing primarily on music, movies, celebrities, and TV for teenage audiences.
online	Being connected to the Internet.
online banking	Customers can go online to access account information, balance check books, transfer funds, pay bills, and apply for loans.
online shopping	The buying and selling of a wide range of consumer goods over the Internet.
online stock trading	Allows investors to research, buy, and sell stocks and bonds over the Internet.
person-to-person auction site	The site is a forum for numerous buyers and sellers to gather. The site typically facilitates the bidding process, but doesn’t complete transactions or verify the authenticity of the goods sold.
plug-in	Program that automatically start and operate as a part of a Web browser in order to enable a full experience of the content of a Web site.
Podcast	Deliver media content widely used to download music and movies over the Internet.
protocol	Rules for exchanging data between computers.
search engine	An organization helps individuals locate information on the Web. (See also search service).
search service	An organization helps individuals locate information on the Web. (See also search engine)
安全文件传输协议Secure file transfer protocol (SFTP)	Allows the copying of files to and from a computer across the Internet and are frequently for uploading changes to a Web site hosted by an Internet service provider.
signature	The third element of an e-mail message that provides additional information about the sender.
social networking	Using the Internet to connect individuals to one another
垃圾邮件spam	Unwanted or unsolicited e-mail.
spam blocker	Software programs that are installed to work with e-mail programs to filter unwanted e-mail messages.
spam filter	Programs used to identify and eliminate spam.
sparks	A Google Plus service, which automatically provides news on selected topics of interest and facilitates sharing this information with others to spark further discussion.
specialized search engine	Focus on subject-specific Web sites.
spider	Special programs that continually look for new information on the Internet and update the search services’ databases.
串流streaming	Technology in which audio and video files are continuously downloaded to a computer while the computer user is listening to and/or viewing the file content.
subject	Part of the header element in an e-mail, usually a one line description of the message.
surf	Exploring or browsing information on the Web.
texting	Sending a short electronic message typically less than 160 characters using a wireless network to another person who views the message on a mobile device, such as a smartphone.
text messaging	Sending a short electronic message typically less than 160 characters using a wireless network to another person who views the message on a mobile device, such as a smartphone.
top-level domain (TLD)	Another name for a domain name.
Twitter	A microblog that publishes short sentences.
uniform resource locator (URL)	The name, or address, of a Web site.
通用即时通信工具universal instant messenger	Software that allows users of different instant messaging services to communicate with one another.
uploading	To copy a file from a local machine to a server.
virus	Destructive program often attached to unsolicited e-mail.
Web	Introduced in 1992 at CERN, the Web (WWW and World Wide Web) provides a multimedia interface to Internet resources.
Web auction	Sellers post descriptions of products at a Web site and buyers submit bids electronically.
Web-based e-mail account	Use Webmail clients located on the e-mail providers computer.
Web-based file transfer services	Services that make use of a Web browser to upload and download files: i.e.: drop.io
Webcasts	Use streaming technology in which audio and video files are continuously downloaded to the user’s computer while they are listening to and/or viewing the file content.
Web directory	Organize information according to categories and are designed to find general information about a topic.
Web log	Personal Web sites that contain time stamped postings.
Webmail	Once a computer connects to an e-mail service provider, a special program called a Webmail client runs on the e-mail provider’s computer and e-mailing can take place.
Webmail client	Program that runs on an e-mail provider’s computer and enables Webmailing to take place.
网络管理员，站长Webmaster	Develops and maintains Web sites and Web resources.
Web page	A document on the Web.
Web utility	Specialized programs that make using the Internet and the Web easier and safer.
Wiki	A Web site specially designed to allow visitors to fill in missing information or correct inaccuracies.
Wikipedia	An online ‘wiki’ encyclopedia written and edited by anyone who wants to contribute.
wireless modem	They transmit information that is modulated onto a carrier frequency to allow many simultaneous wireless communication links to work simultaneous on different frequencies.

Chapter3

analytical graph	A visual representation of data in a worksheet. (See also chart)
animation	Special effects that add action to text and graphics on a slide.
app	Also known as application software. End-user software and is used to accomplish a variety of tasks. (See also application software)
app store	Typically Web sites providing access to specific apps for a fee or free.
application software	End-user software and is used to accomplish a variety of tasks. (See also app)
项目符号列表 bulleted list	A sequence of topics that is preceded by a graphical element.
bitmap image	Use thousands of dots or pixels to represent images. (See also raster image)
blog	Personal web site that can be created by individuals.
button	Used in toolbars to provide shortcuts for quick access to commonly used commands.
单元格 cell	A box in a spreadsheet application that is the intersection of ac row and a column.
character effect	The appearance, or style, of a font, such as bold, italics, or underline.
chart	A visual representation of data in a worksheet. (See also analytical graph)
剪贴画 clip art	Graphic illustrations representing a wide range of topics.
cloud suite	Online office suites stored at a server on the Internet and are available anywhere you can access the Internet.
column	A vertical arrangement of figures in a spreadsheet application.
computer trainer	Teaches new users how to use the latest software and hardware.
content template	Feature of presentation software and include suggested content for each slide.
contextual tab	Feature of Microsoft Office that appears automatically when needed.
database	A collection of related data.
database management system (DBMS)	A program that sets up, or structures, a database, and provides tools to enter, edit, and retrieve data from the database. (See also database manager)
database manager	A program that sets up, or structures, a database, and provides tools to enter, edit, and retrieve data from the database. (See also database management system)
design template	An element in a presentation graphics application that provides professionally selected combinations of color schemes, slide layouts, and special effects.
desktop publishing program	Allow you to mix text and graphics to create publications of professional quality. (See also page layout program)
对话框 dialog box	A pop-up box that provides additional information and requests user input.
document	Files that are created by a word processing program.
drawing program	Used to create and to edit vector images. (See also illustration program)
Editing	The act of modifying a document.
Field	A column in a database table that represents an element of data to be gathered.
find and replace	The act of quickly locating text in a document and replacing it with a blank or modified text.
filter	A tool to display only those records meeting specified conditions.
Flash	A type of Web animation that is usually full-screen, highly dynamic, and interactive.
Font	The appearance of characters in a document.
font size	Refers to the height and width of a font.
form	An item that displays on a computer monitor and typically reflects the contents for one record in a table.
format	The appearance, or readability, of a document.
formula	A mathematical equation, or instruction, to calculate numbers, used in a spreadsheet application.
function	A prewritten formula provided by a spreadsheet application that performs calculations.
gallery	Feature of Microsoft Office that simplifies the process of making selections from a list of alternatives by replacing dialog boxes with visual presentations of results.
general purpose application	Software that is widely used in nearly every discipline and occupation.
grammar checker	A pre-programmed function within a word processing application that checks for problems with capitalization, punctuation, and sentence structure.
图形站点地图 graphical site map	Representation of the overall Web site design
图形用户界面 graphical user interface (GUI)	Display graphical elements called icons to represent familiar objects and a mouse.
group	Software programs that have ribbons use Tabs to divide major activity areas into groups.
home software	Integrated packages that are popular with many home users. (See also personal software)
HTML editor	Programs that provide support for Web site design and HTML coding. (See also Web authoring program and Web authoring program )
icons	Graphical elements (or picture) that represents a program or device.
绘/插图程序 illustration program	Used to create and to edit vector images. (See also drawing program)
image editor	Specialized graphics programs for editing or modifying digital photographs. (See also photo editors)
image gallery	Libraries of electronic images.
集成包 integrated package	A single application that provides the functionality of a word processor, spreadsheet, database manager, and more.
label	Description of the contents of a row or column in a spreadsheet application. (See also text entry)
menu	A list of the various options, commands, and/or tools available to the user in an application.
menu bar	A rectangular band located on the top part of the screen in an application that contains the menu options.
mobile app	Also known as mobile applications, are add-on features that perform a variety of tasks not associated with typical cell phone use. (See also mobile application)
mobile application	Also known as mobile apps, are add-on features that perform a variety of tasks not associated with typical cell phone use. (see also mobile app)
numbered list	A sequence of topics that is preceded by a numerical element.
numeric entry	A number or formula in a spreadsheet application.
office software suite	Professional-grade productivity application programs that are typically used in a business situation.
office suite	Office software suite – productivity application programs.
online office suite	Applications stored online that are available anywhere you can access the Internet.
page	A page can contain text or graphics in a word processing program. A page is contained in a document.
page layout program	Allow you to mix text and graphics to create publications of professional quality. (See also desktop publishing program)
personal software	Integrated packages are popular with many home users. (See also home software)
photo editor	Specialized graphics programs for editing or modifying digital photographs. (See also image editors)
pixel	Thousands of dots used to represent images.
pointer	A graphical element on the computer screen that is controlled by a mouse and is used to select items on the screen.
presentation graphics	Applications that combine a variety of visual objects to create attractive, visually interesting presentations.
productivity suite	A collection of professional-grade application programs, including a word processor, spreadsheet, database manager, and more.
QR Code	Graphics that typically appear as black and white boxes that automatically link mobile devices to a variety of different content including games, text, videos, and Web sites
QR Code Reader	allow mobile devices to use their digital cameras to scan QR codes
Quick Response Code Reader	Allow mobile devices to use their digital cameras to scan QR codes
query	A question or a request for specific data contained in a database.
range	A series of continuous cells.
光栅图像 raster image	Use thousands of dots or pixels to represent images.(See also bitmap image)
recalculation	The process of calculating all formulas and recreating all charts in a worksheet when a change is made to one or more numbers or formulas.
record	A row in a database table that is a collection of related fields.
relational database	The most widely used database structure that organizes database tables according to related fields.
report	A method of displaying information from a database in printed form.
ribbon	Software programs with a Ribbon gui use a ribbon to replace menus and toolbars by organizing commonly used functions into a set of tabs.
ribbon GUI	Designed to make it easier to find and use all the features of an application. Uses a system of ribbons, tabs, and galleries.
row	A horizontal arrangement of figures in a spreadsheet application.
raster image	Use thousands of dots or pixels to represent images.(See also bitmap image)
幻灯片 slide	The basic element of a presentation.
software engineer	analyze users’ needs and create application software
software suite	A collection of separate application programs bundled together and sold as a group.
sort	The act of quickly rearranging a table’s records according to a selected field.
specialized application	Applications that are more narrowly focused on specific disciplines and occupations.
specialized suite	Suites that focus on specific applications, such as financial planning, accounting, etc.
语音识别 speech recognition	The ability of a software application to accept voice input.
spelling checker	A pre-programmed function within a word processing application that checks for misspelled words.
spreadsheet	The basic element of a spreadsheet application that consists of a rectangular grid of rows and columns. (See also worksheet, and sheet)
？ stock photograph	Photographs on a variety of subject material from professional models to natural landscapes.
styles	A predefined set of formatting characteristics for text.
system software	Works with end users, application software, and computer hardware to handle the majority of technical details.
tab	Tabs divide ribbons into major activity areas organized into groups. Contextual tabs automatically appear when needed.
table	A collection of related records.
text entry	Description of the contents of a row or column in a spreadsheet application. (See also label)
同义词词典 thesaurus	A pre-programmed function that provides synonyms, antonyms, and related words for a selected word or phrase.
toolbar	Contains small outlined areas called buttons that provide shortcuts for quick access to commonly used commands.
过渡 transition	Animation used in moving from one slide to the next.
user interface	The portion of an application that interfaces with the user.
实用程序套件 utility suite	Suites that include a variety of programs designed to make computing easier and safer.
vector illustration	Geometric shapes or objects used to represent images. (See also vector image)
vector	A common type of graphic file.
vector image	Geometric shapes or objects used to represent images. (See also vector illustration)
Web authoring	Creating a Web site
Web authoring program	Programs that provide support for Web site design and HTML coding. (See also HTML editor and Web page editor)
Web page editor	Programs that provide support for Web site design and HTML coding. (See also Web authoring programs and HTML editor)
所见即所得编辑器 WYSIWYG editors	(What you see is what you get) which means you can build a page without interacting directly with HTML code.
what-if analysis	The process of observing the effect of changing one or more cells in a worksheet.
window	A rectangular area that can contain a document, program, or message.
word processor	Creates text-based files, called documents. Used to create letters, memos, manuals, and brochures.
自动换行 word wrap	A feature in an application that automatically moves the insertion point to the next line once the current line is full.
工作簿文件 workbook file	Consists of one or more related worksheets.
worksheet	The basic element of a spreadsheet application that consists of a rectangular grid of rows and columns. (See also sheet, and spreadsheet)

Chapter4

Key Term	Definition
Add a Device Wizard	A Windows feature provides step-by-step guidance for selecting the appropriate driver and installing that driver.
Android	Mobile phone operating system developed by Andriod for the Andriod phone.
antivirus program	A system utility that guards a computer system against viruses or other damaging programs that can invade it.
background	Program or programs that are not active in your window on the desktop but are available to switch to from your foreground program
Backup and Restore	A utility program included with the many versions of Windows that makes a copy of all files or selected files that have been saved onto a disk.
backup program	A system utility that makes copies of files to be used in case the originals are lost or damaged.
Blackberry OS	Also know as RIM OS, a mobile phone operating system designed as the platform for the BlackBerry handheld computer
Boot Camp	Feature of Leopard, the new version of Mac OS, which allows appropriately equipped Apple computers to run both Mac OS and Windows XP.
booting	The process of starting or restarting a computer
Chrome OS	Linus OS designed for netbook computers and focuses on Internet connectivity through cloud computing
cold boot	The process of starting a computer after it has been turned off.
computer support specialist	A person who provides technical support to customers and other users.
Dashboard Widgets	A feature of MAC OS. They are a collection of specialized programs that will constantly update and display information.
desktop	A place an operating system provides users in order to access computer resources.
desktop operating system	An operating system that controls a desktop or laptop computer. (See also stand-alone operating system)
device driver	Specialized programs that allow particular input or output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system. (See also driver)
diagnostic program	A system utility that recognizes and corrects problems, ideally before they become serious. (See also troubleshooting program)
dialog box	A feature of a GUI operating system which provides information or requests input.
Disk Cleanup	A trouble-shooting utility included in many versions of Windows that identifies and eliminates nonessential files.
磁盘碎片整理器 Disk Defragmenter	A Windows utility program that locates and eliminates unnecessary fragments and rearranges files and unused disk space to optimize operations.
driver	Specialized programs that allow particular input or output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system. (See also device driver)
embedded operating system	A device that has the operating system programs permanently stored on ROM
file	Where data and programs are stored
file compression program	A system utility that reduces the size of files so they require less storage space and can be sent more efficiently over the Internet.
folder	A container in a file management system where related files are stored.
foreground	Program in which you are currently running in the active window on your desktop.
fragmented	When a file cannot be stored to disk as one contiguous block, it is broken up into small parts and stored wherever space is available.
手势控制 Gesture control	Use of fingers to run programs and to control the content of the display screen.
Graphical user interface (GUI)	A user interface that uses graphical elements such as icons and windows.
guest operating system	The operating system for a virtual machine.
Help	Provides online assistance for operating system functions and procedures.
host operating system	The operating system of a physical machine.
Icon	A graphic representation for a program or function.
iOS	Developed by Apple (formerly known as iPhone OS) to support iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad. One of the fastest-growing mobile OS.
iPhone OS	Type of mobile phone operating system used as the platform for Apple’s iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad.
Launchpad	Displays and provides direct access to all apps installed on a computer
language translator	Converts the programming instructions written by programmers into a language that computers understand and process.
Linux	A nonproprietary version of Unix
Lion	Most recent version of Mac OS 10.7(See also (Mac OS 10.7)
Mac OS	The operating systems that are designed to run on Apple computers.
Mac OS 10.7	The most recent version of the Mac OS. (See also Lion)
Mac OS X	One of the latest versions of MAC OS.
menu	Provides a list of options or commands.
Mission Control	Feature of the Mac OS that displays all running programs at one time.
mobile OS	Type of embedded operating system on every smartphone to control the operations. (See also mobile operating system)
mobile operating system	Type of embedded operating system on every smartphone to control the operations. (See also mobile OS)
multitasking	The ability to switch between different applications stored in memory.
network operating systems (NOS)	Operating systems that are used to control and coordinate computers networked or linked together.
network server	In a network environment, it is the main computer that coordinates all communication between the other computers.
open source	Programs released for free distribution to allow the program code to be modified and further developed by others.
operating system	Software that coordinates computer resources, provides an interface between users and the computer, and runs applications.
OS X Lion	An operating system for Mac that introduced several powerful features including Launchpad and Mission Control.
OS X Mountain Lion	An operating system for Mac that was released in 2012 and designed for desktops and laptops.
pointer	A graphic that is controlled by a mouse and changes shape depending upon its current function.
RIM OS	A mobile phone operating system designed as the platform for the BlackBerry handheld computer. (See also Blackberry OS)
扇区 sector	Wedge-shaped section of a disk platter that help organize the storage of files on a magnetic disk.
software environment	Another name for an operating system. (See also software platform)
Software platform	Another name for an operating system. (See also software environment)
Spotlight	A feature of MAC OS that is an advanced search tool that can rapidly locate files, folders, email messages, addresses, and much more.
stand-alone operating system	An operating system that controls a desktop or laptop computer. (See also desktop operating system)
system software	Works with end users, application software, and computer hardware to handle the majority of technical details.
tabs	Common feature of an application that divide menus into major activity areas.
tracks	Concentric rings on a disk platter that help organize the storage of files on a magnetic disk.
故障排除程序 troubleshooting program	A system utility that recognizes and corrects problems, ideally before they become serious.
uninstall program	A system utility that allows unneeded programs and related files to be safely and completely removed from a hard disk.
UNIX	An operating system that was originally designed to run on minicomputers in network environments, and currently runs on powerful microcomputers and servers.
user interface	How the user communicates with the operating system, computer, and/or application.
实用程序 utility	Performs specific tasks related to managing computer resources.
utility suite	A combination of several utility programs into one package.
virtual machine	Virtual machine appears to the owner as a separate independent computer with its own operating system.
virtualization	A method in which a physical computer can support multiple operating systems that operate independently.
virtualization software	Software that allows the physical computer to be logically separated into separate and independent virtual computers.
virus	A dangerous program that can cause a variety of damage or problems to a computer.
warm boot	The process of starting or restarting a computer when the computer is already on.
WebOS	Developed by Palm, Inc. and later purchased by HP. Evolved into the operating system for many of HP’s mobile devices.
window	A rectangular area for displaying information and running programs.
Windows	An operating system released by Microsoft corporation.
Windows 8	Released in 2012 and is designed to better integrate Microsoft’s desktop operating systems with its mobile operating systems. It provides support for gestures, cloud integration, and apps.
Windows Phone 8	Introduced in 2012 by Microsoft to support a variety of mobile devices including smartphones. It has the ability to run many powerful programs designed for desktop and laptop computers.
Windows Update	A Windows utility that makes it easy to update the drivers on a computer.
Windows Vista	A version of Microsoft Windows

Chapter5

Key Term	Definition
交流适配器 AC adapter	A power adapter that converts AC to DC, provides power to drive the system unit components, and can recharge batteries.
一体机 All-in-one	A desktop computer that has the monitor and system unit housed together in the same case (e.g., Apple’s iMac).
模拟信号 analog	Continuous, signals that vary to represent different tones, pitches, and volume.
算术逻辑单元 arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)	The ALU performs two types of operations: arithmetic and logical.
arithmetic operation	Fundamental math operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
ASCII	Binary coding scheme widely used on all computers, including microcomputers. Eight bits form each byte, and each byte represents one character.
binary system	A numbering system that consists of only two digits, 0 and 1.
bit	Data and instructions can be represented electronically with a two-state or binary system of numbers (0 and 1). Each 0 or 1 is called a bit - Short for – Binary Digit.
bus	Connects the parts of the CPU to each other. (See also bus line)
bus line	Connects the parts of the CPU to each other. (See also bus)
bus width	The number of bits that can travel simultaneously down a bus.
byte	Eight bits. Each byte typically represents one character.
电缆 cable	Connects external devices to the system unit via ports.
cache memory	A temporary high-speed holding area between the memory and the CPU - used to improve processing time.
carrier package	Micro chips on mounted on them. They are either plugged directly into sockets on the system board or onto cards that are then plugged into slots on the system board.
central processing unit (CPU)	The “brains” of a computer and is contained on a single chip. (See also microprocessor, processor)
character encoding standards	These standards assign a unique sequence of bits to each character.
chip	Consists of tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of sand-like material called silicon. (See also integrated circuit, silicon chip, semiconductor)
clock speed	The speed of processing or power of a computer system.
computer technician	People who repair and install computer components and systems.
control unit	The part of a processor that tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out a program’s instructions, and directs the movement of electronic signals between memory and the CPU.
coprocessor	Specialty chip designed to improve specific computing operations.
desktop	The screen that is displayed on the monitor when the computer starts up. All items and icons on the screen are considered to be on your desktop and are used to interact with the computer.
digital	Signals that are only in two states – on or off – are used to represent voice and data.
DIMM	Dual in-line memory module – an expansion module inserted into the system board for adding additional RAM.
DVI (Digital Video Interface) port	Provides connections to analog and digital monitors.
EBCDIC	Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code. An 8-bit binary coding scheme developed by IBM and used primarily in large computers.
external Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) (eSATA)	A port that provides very high-speed connections for external hard disk drives, optical disks, and other large secondary storage devices.
Ethernet port	A high-speed networking port that has become a standard for many of today’s computers.
expansion bus	Connects the CPU to other components on the system board, including expansion slots.
expansion card	Optional devices users can insert into their computers.
expansion slot	Slots provided on a microcomputer where users can insert optional devices.
ExpressCard	ExpressCard slots accept credit card–sized expansion cards in notebook computers.
FireWire bus	A bus dedicated to the acceleration of graphics performance.
FireWire port	Provides connections to specialized FireWire devices such as camcorders.
flash memory	Chips that can retain data even if power is disrupted.
game port	A legacy port used to connect video game controllers and joysticks.
GPU	Graphic processing unit. Graphics coprocessor designed to handle a variety of specialized tasks such as displaying 3-D images and encrypting data.
Graphics card	Provides high-quality 3D graphics and animation for games and simulations.
graphics coprocessor	A processor specifically designed to handle the processing requirements related to displaying and manipulating 2-D and 3-D graphics images.
handheld	See Personal digital assistant (PDA).
hexadecimal system (hex)	Hexadecimal system (hex) uses 16 digits to represent binary numbers.
高清晰度多媒体接口 High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)	A digital HD audio and video interface.
integrated circuit	Consists of tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of sand-like material called silicon. (See also chip, silicon chip, semiconductor)
laptop	These system units contain the electronic components, selected secondary storage devices, and input devices. (See also notebook system unit)
legacy port	Older ports that have been replaced by faster, more flexible ports such as the universal serial bus (USB).
logical operation	Compare two pieces of data (equal, less than or greater than).
main board	Controls communications for the entire computer system. Every component within the system unit connects to the main board. (see also system board or mother board)
memory	A holding area for data, instructions, and information and contained on chips connected to the system board.
microprocessor	The “brains” of a computer and is contained on a single chip. (See also central processing unit, processor)
Mini DisplayPort (MiniDP, mDP)	A port that an audio-visual port typically uses to connect large monitors. These ports are used with many Apple Macintosh computers.
motherboard	The communications medium for the entire computer system. (See also main board, system board)
multicore chips	A new type of chip that can provide two or more separate and independent CPUs.
乐器数字接口 musical instrument digital interface (MIDI)	A special type of serial port for connecting musical instruments to a sound card.
netbook	Similar to notebook system units but smaller, less powerful, and less expensive, designed to support on-the-go Web browsing and e-mail access
network adapter card	Connects a computer to one or more other computers. (See also network interface card)
network interface card (NIC)	Connects a computer to one or more other computers. (See also network adapter card)
notebook	These system units contain the electronic components, selected secondary storage devices, and input devices. (See also laptop computer)
optical audio connections	These ports are used to integrate computers into high-end audio and home theatre systems.
parallel processing	Two separate and independent CPUs that can divide programs into parts that each CPU can process independently.
PC card	A small, credit card-sized expansion card developed to meet the size constraints of notebook, tablet, and handheld computers.
PC card slot	Credit card–sized expansion card (See also PCMCIA slot
PCI Express (PCIe)	New type of bus that is 30 times faster than PCI bus.
PCMCIA	Credit card-sized expansion card (see also PC Card Slot)
即插即用 Plug and Play	A set of hardware and software standards by hardware and software vendors to create operating systems, processing units, and expansion boards, as well as other devices that are able to configure themselves.
port	A socket for external devices to connect to the system unit.
power supply unit	Converts AC to DC, and provides the power to drive all of the system unit components.
processor	The “brains” of a computer and is contained on a single chip. (See also microprocessor, central processing unit)
random-access memory (RAM)	Chips temporarily holding programs and data that the CPU is presently processing.
read-only memory (ROM)	Chips that typically contain special instructions for detailed computer operations.
semiconductor	Consists of tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of sand-like material called silicon. (See also integrated circuit, silicon chip, chip)
silicon chip	Consists of tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of sand-like material called silicon. (See also integrated circuit, chip, semiconductor)
slot	Provides a connection point for specialized cards or circuit boards.
smart card	A plastic card the size of a regular credit card that has an embedded chip.
smartphone	A smartphone is a mobile phone offering advanced capabilities, often with PC-like functionality.
socket	Provides a connection point for chips
Sony/ Philips Digital Interconnect Format (S/PDIF)	Also known as optical audio connections, these ports are used to integrate computers into high-end audio and home theatre systems.
sound card	Accept audio input from a microphone and convert it into a form that can be processed by the computer.
system board	The communications medium for the entire computer system. (See also motherboard, main board)
system bus	Connects the CPU to memory on the system board.
system chassis	A container that houses most of the electronic components that makes up a computer system. (See also system unit, or chassis)
system unit	A container that houses most of the electronic components that makes up a computer system. (See also chassis, or system unit)
tablet	A highly portable device that supports the use of a stylus or pen to input commands and data. (See also tablet PC system unit)
tablet computer	Effectively a notebook computer that accepts stylus input and has a monitor that swivels and folds onto its keyboard.
Tower computer	A desktop system unit placed vertically.
Tower unit	A desktop system unit placed vertically.
Unicode	A 16-bit binary coding scheme designed to support international languages.
universal serial bus	A buss that combines with a PCI bus on the system board to support several external devices without using expansion cards or slots.
通用串行总线 universal serial bus (USB) port	Fastest type of port that can connect several devices at a time to the system unit.
视频图形适配器 VGA (Video Graphics Adapter) port	Provides connections to analog and digital monitors.
virtual memory	A space utilized on a secondary storage device by the operating system used to swap information when there isn’t enough RAM to process all applications.
wireless network card	Expansion card that allows computers to be connected without cables.
word	The number of bits (such as 16, 32, or 64) that can be accessed at one time by the CPU.

Chapter6

Key Term	Definition
active display area	Diagonal length of a monitor’s viewing area. Also know as size.
active-matrix monitor	A type of flat-panel monitor where each pixel is independently activated. (See also thin film transistor (TFT) monitor)
active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED)	A monitor technology that has the benefits of lower power consumption and longer battery life, as well as possibilities for much thinner displays.
artificial intelligence (AI)	A field of computer science that attempts to develop computer systems that can mimic or simulate human thought processes and actions.
aspect ratio	This is a ratio determined by the width of a monitor divided by its height.
bar code reader	Contains photoelectric cells that scan or read bar codes. (See also bar code scanner)
bar code scanner	Contains photoelectric cells that scan or read bar codes. (See also bar code reader)
card reader	A device that interprets the encoded information contained on credit, debit, access, and identification cards.
carpal tunnel syndrome	A repetitive strain injury consisting of damage to the nerves and tendons in the hands.
cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitor	The most common type of monitor that are typically placed directly on the system unit or on the desktop.
clarity	The quality and sharpness of the displayed images.
cloud printer	Printers connected to the Internet that provide printing services to others on the Internet.
combination key	A key, that when held down in combination with another key, performs an action.
contrast ratio	Indicates a monitor’s ability to display colors. It compares the light intensity of the brightest white to the darkest black.
cordless mouse	A battery-powered device that typically uses radio waves or infrared light waves to communicate with the system unit. (See also wireless mouse)
digital camera	Images are recorded digitally on a disk or in the camera’s memory rather than on film.
digital media player	A specialized device for storing, transferring, and playing audio files. See also portable media player)
dance pad	An input device for dance games where signals are sent via a pressure-sensitive mat.
digital video camera	Record motion digitally on a disk or in the camera’s memory.
digital whiteboard	Specialized devices with a large display connected to a computer or projector (see also interactive whiteboard)
display screen	A computer device that presents visual images of text and graphics. (See also monitor)
document scanner	Scanner that quickly scans multipage documents by automatically feeding one page at a time through a scanning surface.
dot-matrix printer	A type of printer that forms characters and images using a series of small pins on a print head.
dot pitch	A function of a monitor that is the distance between each pixel. (See also pixel pitch)
dots-per-inch (dpi)	The measurement of printer resolution, the more dots-per-inch the better the quality of the image printed.
dual-scan monitor	Type of flat-panel monitor that create images by scanning the entire screen. (See also passive-matrix monitor)
duplex printing	Printing feature that allows automatic printing on both sides of a sheet of paper.
e-book	Dedicated, handheld, book-size devices that display text and graphics (See also e-book reader)
e-book reader	Dedicated, handheld, book-sized devices that display text and graphics. (See also e-book)
e-paper	A special type of screen for an e-book reader that requires power only when changing pages, and not the entire time a page is displayed. (See also e-paper)
electronic paper	A special type of screen for an e-book reader that requires power only when charging pages, and not the entire time a page is displayed. (See also e-paper)
ergonomic keyboard	A type of keyboard designed specifically to alleviate wrist strain associated with the repetitive movements of typing.
flat-panel monitor	A type of monitor that is much thinner and requires less power to operate than CRTs.
flatbed scanner	The image to be scanned is placed on a glass surface and the scanner records the image from below.
headgear	See virtual reality.
gamepads	An input device designed to be held by two hands and provide a wide array of inputs including motion, turning, stopping, and firing.
game controller	A device that provides input to computer games.
gloves	See virtual reality.
Google Cloud Print	A service that supports cloud printing.
grayscale	Most common black ink selection in which images are displayed in many shades of gray.
handwriting recognition software	Translates handwritten notes into a form that the system unit can process.
Hard copy	Printer output is often called hard copy
headsets	An audio-output device.
high-definition television (HDTV)	A digitized television output that delivers a much clearer and more detailed wide-screen picture than regular television.
household robot	Robot designed to vacuum or scrub floors, mow lawns, patrol the house, or simply provide entertainment.
immersive experience	Allows the user to walk into a virtual reality room or view simulations on a virtual reality wall.
industrial robot	Robot used in factories to perform a variety of tasks. For example, machines used in automobile plants to do painting and polishing.
ink-jet printer	A type of printer that sprays ink at high speed onto the surface of paper.
input	Any data or instructions that are used by a computer.
input device	Hardware used to translate words, sounds, images, and actions that people understand into a form that the system unit can process.
interactive whiteboard	Specialized devices with a large display connected to a computer or projector (see also digital whiteboard)
Internet telephone	Specialized input and output devices for receiving and sending voice communication.
Internet telephony	A type of communications system that uses the Internet rather than traditional communication lines to support voice communication. (Se also IP telephony, Voice over IP)
IP telephony	A type of communications system that uses the Internet rather than traditional communication lines to support voice communication. (Se also Internet telephony, Voice over IP)
joystick	Input device for computer games.
keyboard	Convert numbers, letters, and special characters that people understand into electrical signals.
laser printer	A type of printer that uses a laser light beam to produce images with excellent letter and graphics quality.
liquid crystal display (LCD)	A thin, flat display made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector.
magnetic-card reader	A machine that reads encoded information stored on a thin magnetic strip located on the back of a card.
magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR)	Used by banks to automatically read numbers on the bottom of checks and deposit slips.
mechanical mouse	It has a ball on the bottom and is attached with a cord to the system unit.
Mobile Digital Television	Television stations broadcast programming directly to smartphones, computers, and digital media players. (See also Mobile DTV)
Mobile DTV	Television stations broadcast programming directly to smartphones, computers, and digital media players. (See also Mobile Digital Television)
Mobile robot	Robots that act as transports and are used for a variety of different tasks.
Monitor	A computer device that presents visual images of text and graphics. (See also display screen)
motion sensing device	An input device that controls games with user movements.
Mouse	An input device that controls a pointer that is displayed on the monitor.
mouse pointer	Often in the form of an arrow, it moves on the screen as the user moves the computer mouse.
multifunctional device (MFD)	A type of combination input/output device that combines the capabilities of a scanner, printer, fax, and copy machine.
multitouch screen	A screen commonly used on mobile devices. These screens can be touched with more than one finger allowing for interaction.
Notebook keyboard	A keyboard widely used on notebook computers, including netbooks.
optical-character recognition (OCR)	Uses special preprinted characters that can be read by a light source and changed into machine-readable code.
optical-mark recognition (OMR)	Senses the presence or absence of a mark.
optical mouse	A mouse that emits and senses light to detect mouse movement.
optical scanner	Accepts documents consisting of text and/or images and converts them to machine-readable form.
organic light organic light- emitting diode(OLED)	A newer technology that has the benefits of lower power consumption and longer battery life as well as thinner displays.
output	Processed data or information.
output device	Any hardware used to provide or to create output.
passive-matrix monitor	Type of flat-panel monitor that create images by scanning the entire screen. (See also dual-scan monitor)
PDA keyboard	A miniature keyboard designed to fit on a PDA.
perception system robot	Robot that imitates some of the human senses.
personal laser printer	A type of laser printer that does not support color, is less expensive, and slower than a standard laser printer.
photo printer	A type of special-purpose printer designed to print photo-quality images from digital cameras.
picture elements	A series of dots that form images on a monitor. (See also pixel)
pixel	A series of dots that form images on a monitor. (See also picture elements)
pixel pitch	A function of a monitor that is the distance between each pixel. (See also dot pitch)
platform scanner	A wall or table mounted bar code scanner
plotter	A type of special-purpose printer for producing maps, images, and architectural and engineering drawings.
pointing device	A device that provides an intuitive interface with the system unit by accepting pointing gestures and converting them into machine-readable input.
pointing stick	Similar to a mouse and usually located in the middle of the keyboard, the pointer is controlled by directing the stick with a finger.
portable media player	Electronic devices for storing and playing digital media. (see also digital media player)
portable printer	A small and lightweight printer designed to work with a notebook computer.
portable scanner	Typically a handheld device that slides across the image, making direct contact.
printer	A device that translates information that has been processed by the system unit and presents the information on paper.
radio frequency card reader	A reader that uses radio frequency to read an encoded microchip embedded on a card.
radio frequency identification (RFID)	An encoded microchip that uses radio frequency to be read.
refresh rate	How often a displayed image is updated or redrawn on a monitor.
resolution	A matrix of pixels.
RFID reader	A device used to read radio frequency identification information.
RFID (radio-frequency identification) tag	Information chips that are embedded in merchandise to track their location.
robot	Robots are computer-controlled machines that mimic the motor activities of living things, and some robots can solve unstructured problems using artificial intelligence.
robotics	Field of study concerned with developing and using robots.
roller ball	Controls the pointer by rotating a ball with a thumb (See also trackball)
scanner	A scanning device that converts scanned text and images into a form that can be processed by the system unit.
scanning devices	Convert scanned text and images into a form that the system unit can process.
shared laser printer	A type of laser printer that is used by many people.
skype	An audio and video communication service that does not require any dedicated hardware.
soft copy	Monitor output is described as soft copy.
speakers	An audio-output device.
stylus	A pen-like device commonly used with tablet PCs and PDAs.
technical writer	A person who prepares instruction manuals, technical reports, and other scientific or technical documents.
telephony	The transmission of telephone calls over computer networks.
thermal printer	A type of printer that uses heat elements to produce images on heat-sensitive paper.
thin film transistor (TFT) monitor	A type of flat-panel monitor where each pixel is independently activated. (See also active-matrix monitor)
thumb keyboard	Used on smartphones and other small portable devices. Designed primarily for communicating via texting and connecting to the Web, these keyboards are very small.
toggle key	A key that turns a feature on or off.
touch pad	Controls the pointer by moving and tapping a finger on the surface of a pad.
touch screen	Allows users to select actions or commands by touching the screen with a finger or penlike device.
trackball	Controls the pointer by rotating a ball with a thumb (See also rollerball)
traditional keyboard	A full-sized, rigid, rectangular keyboard that includes function, navigational, and numeric keys.
Universal Product Code (UPC)	A bar code system that almost all supermarkets use.
virtual keyboard	A keyboard image displayed on a touch screen.
virtual reality (VR)	Interactive sensory equipment (headgear and gloves) allowing users to experience alternative realities generated in 3-D by a computer, thus imitating the physical world.
Voice over IP (VoIP)	A type of communications system that uses the Internet rather than traditional communication lines to support voice communication. (See also IP telephony, Internet telephony)
voice recognition system	Uses a microphone, a sound card, and special software to allow users to operate computers and to create documents using voice commands.
wand reader	A hand-held bar code reader.
Webcam	Specialized digital video cameras that capture images and send them to a computer.
wheel button	A button located in the middle of a mouse that can be rotated to scroll through information that is displayed on the monitor.
wireless keyboard	A keyboard that transmits input to the system unit through the air.
wireless mouse	A battery-powered device that typically uses radio waves or infrared light waves to communicate with the system unit. (See also cordless mouse)